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The Russian ironclad ''Pervenets'' ((ロシア語:Первенец)) was a broadside ironclad built for the Imperial Russian Navy in Britain during the 1860s. The ship had to be built abroad as no Russian shipyard had mastered the techniques required to build iron-hulled armored vessels. She was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and never left Russian waters. ''Pervenets'' served with the Gunnery Training Detachment for her entire career until she was reduced to reserve in 1904. She was disarmed and stricken the following year and finally sold in 1908. After the end of the Russian Civil War, the ship was reacquired by the Soviets in 1922 and used to transport and store coal, a role she performed until discarded in the late 1950s. However, she was apparently not scrapped until the early 1960s. ==Design and description== The ship was designed as a coast defense vessel to protect the approaches to Saint Petersburg and was referred to as a "self-propelled armored floating battery". As such, a heavy armament and protection were the most important factors in the ship's design. No Russian shipyard could build iron-hulled, ironclad warships, therefore ''Pervenets'' was ordered from Great Britain. Her name means firstborn and refers to the Tsesarevich, heir to the Russian Empire.〔McLaughlin, p. 115〕 ''Pervenets'' was long overall, with a beam of and a designed draft of . She displaced and her iron hull had a pronounced tumblehome. ''Pervenets'' was fitted with large rams at bow and stern; the stern ram also serving to protect her rudder and propeller.〔McLaughlin, p. 117〕 The ship did not steer well and had "an unpredictable habit of suddenly lurching to one side or another", probably as a result of poor water flow to the rudder. She required six men to man her wheel〔McLaughlin, p. 119〕 and her total crew numbered 459 officers and men.〔 Originally intended to use a refurbished engine from the steam ship of the line , ''Pervenets'' received a three-cylinder horizontal return-connecting-rod steam engine built by the British firm of Maudslay, Sons and Field. Rated at , it drove a single propeller. Steam was provided by four rectangular fire-tube boilers. During sea trials on 28 July 1863, the engine produced a total of and gave the ship a maximum speed of . During later trials in the Baltic Sea, ''Pervenets'' reached . The ship carried a maximum of of coal, but her endurance is unknown. She was schooner-rigged with three masts; the lower masts were iron and the topmasts and yards were made from pine.〔McLaughlin, pp. 117, 124–26〕 ''Pervenets'' was completed with 26 of the most powerful guns available to the Russians, the 60-pounder smoothbore gun. Twenty-four were mounted on the broadside and two guns were placed in pivot mounts on the upper deck to serve as chase guns. Unfortunately, it proved to be incapable of penetrating of wrought iron armor at a distance of only during trials in 1859–60. The 60-pounders on the broadside were entirely replaced by a dozen rifled guns in 1874, while the chase guns were replaced by two four-barreled 4-pounder guns.〔McLaughlin, pp. 114, 120, 122〕 The entire ship's side was protected with wrought-iron armor 4.5 inches〔Gardiner, p. 174〕 thick that reduced to beginning from the ship's ends. It was backed by of teak and extended below the waterline. The ship's hull was divided by six watertight transverse and two longitudinal bulkheads for protection against underwater damage. The hull had a tumblehome of 27° to help deflect shells. The open-topped conning tower was also protected by 4.5 inches of armor.〔McLaughlin, pp. 122, 124〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russian ironclad Pervenets」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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